Defense Burden and the Effect of Democracy: Evidence from a Spatial Panel Analysis

ABSTRACT

Do democracies spend less on national defense? This paper provides new evidence of the effect of democracy on defense burden based on a Spatial Durbin Model with panel data for 98 countries for the years 1992–2008. While democracy measured by means of an index variable covering the entire range from perfect democracy to perfect autocracy turns out to be insignificant, dummy variables indicating transition to higher levels of democracy reveal a statistically highly significant negative effect of democracy on a country’s defense burden. Allowing for country-specific effects reveals heterogeneity in the effect of democracy across countries. Apart from the effect of democracy, the estimation results indicate strong spatial dependence of military burdens across countries. Moreover, they provide statistical evidence for a peace dividend, for substitution effects in defense spending and for a negative effect on the military burden for countries when they exhibit a trade surplus instead of a trade deficit.     

基于尺度选择性的空间数据源选择与预取策略

合理高效的数据源选择策略是提高空间信息检索系统效率的重要因素之一。针对以往研究中对空间尺度语义关注程度的不足,提出一种结合空间尺度语义选择检索数据源的方法。该方法综合考虑人眼视觉特性,计算出参与分布式查询计划生成的数据源集合,过滤在尺度意义上对最终查询结果无影响的数据源,并通过将数据源的简化表达进行预取,进一步减少了查询的整体执行代价。实验结果表明,提出的方法在大尺度查询和小尺度查询时均具有良好的性能。     

数字波束形成技术(DBF)在雷达中的应用

数字波束形成技术是天线波束形成原理与数字信号处理技术相结合的产物,其广泛应用于阵列信号处理领域。由于电磁工作环境的恶化和大量射频干扰的存在,在极低的信干噪比(SINR)条件下进行目标检测和信息提取十分困难。对于阵列系统,往往采用自适应数字波束形成(ADBF)技术,来抑制强干扰和方向性干扰对有用信号的影响。介绍了数字波束形成器的基本原理及其DSP的实现结构。     

相关MIMO信道下一种特征波束成型方案的性能研究

提出了相关多输入多输出信道下的一种空时分组码、空分复用与波束成型相结合的新方案.该方案利用了发射分集和空分复用所带来的分集和复用增益,并基于接收机反馈的信道相关矩阵设计了一种波束成型器.仿真结果表明,这种方案的性能较传统的方案在高信噪比时能获得较大的改善.     

互耦对MIMO信道空间相关特性的影响

在合理的假设前提下,推导了考虑互耦效应时MIMO信道的空间相关特性与不考虑互耦时的空间相关特性之间的关系,得到了一个简洁的、具有一般性的表达式。计算了互耦对空间相关的影响,得到了一些结论。     

时域电场积分方程中的奇异提取技术

介绍了一种基于奇异提取技术的时域积分方程中奇异积分的处理方法,在奇异提取过程中,电磁波传播的延迟效应对积分的贡献包含在内。数值实验表明该方法能够大幅提高自作用和近作用阻抗矩阵元素的计算精度。     

Non‐zero‐sum nonlinear network path interdiction with an application to inspection in terror networks

A simultaneous non‐zero‐sum game is modeled to extend the classical network interdiction problem. In this model, an interdictor (e.g., an enforcement agent) decides how much of an inspection resource to spend along each arc in the network to capture a smuggler. The smuggler (randomly) selects a commodity to smuggle—a source and destination pair of nodes, and also a corresponding path for traveling between the given pair of nodes. This model is motivated by a terrorist organization that can mobilize its human, financial, or weapon resources to carry out an attack at one of several potential target destinations. The probability of evading each of the network arcs nonlinearly decreases in the amount of resource that the interdictor spends on its inspection. We show that under reasonable assumptions with respect to the evasion probability functions, (approximate) Nash equilibria of this game can be determined in polynomial time; depending on whether the evasion functions are exponential or general logarithmically‐convex functions, exact Nash equilibria or approximate Nash equilibria, respectively, are computed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 64: 139–153, 2017     

非结构动网格分区并行计算方法

针对包含运动边界的非定常流动问题,基于弹簧近似法设计了一套非结构动网格分区并行计算流程,引入了METIS软件进行非结构网格二次剖分,研究了对接边界通信类型及其处理方法,基于消息传递并行编程模式实现了非结构动网格求解器的并行化。测试结果表明:该求解器具有较高的并行效率,网格变形模块对非结构动网格并行计算性能具有重要影响。     

基于LMD频域近似熵频谱感知算法研究

针对现有频域近似熵频谱感知技术在低信噪比条件下抗噪声性能和检测性能有待提升的问题,提出了一种基于LMD频域近似熵的频谱感知算法。(1)算法筛选出3个PF分量累加求和,使得算法提取局部调频包络特征信息得到最优,进一步排除噪声不确定度的影响。(2)算法对累加PF分量进行频域变换后求其近似熵,增强算法对频域信息的嗅探能力,提升算法检测性能。Monte Carlo仿真结果表明,在噪声不确定度为0dB,采样点数为8 000的情况下,当信噪比大于-19 d B时,可以对2ASK信号达到100%的检测概率,与现有频域近似熵算法相比,检测性能约有17 d B的提升。     

机电计算装置中运算放大器板离线自动检测方案研究

基于运算放大器能实现信号的加减运算这一基本原理,应用单片机控制检测技术,研究运放工作性能离线自动检测方案.利用本方案实现的检测仪器可以提高装备的维修效率.